A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data. GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all types of descriptive information (what things are like there). This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis that is used in science and almost every industry. GIS helps users understand patterns, relationships, and geographic context. The benefits include improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision making.
GIS is an acronym for “Geographic Information System.” A GIS system uses computers and software to gather, manage and analyze data based on geography, and visualizes the data on a map. GIS mapping software uses spatial data to create maps and 3D models out of layers of visual information, revealing patterns and relationships in the GIS data. Many industries and government data analytics agencies use GIS to better communicate complex information and solve problems associated with geographic locations.
How does GIS work?
GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data.
GIS systems generally consist of the following elements:
- Maps — Shareable maps that contain geographic data layers.
- Data — Spreadsheets, tables and imagery with a geographic component that ties data to a particular location.
- Analysis — Spatial analysis enhances decision-making process by providing insights that give users more confidence when interpreting and predicting situations.
- Apps — GIS is no longer tied to a desktop. Mobile apps allow GIS data to be used anywhere, at any time.
While each application is different, Geographic Information Systems are broadly similar in the way they work. All GIS tools analyze and visualize spatial data, which includes location information like address, latitude or longitude.
Geographic Information Systems generally perform these tasks in three steps:
- Visualize data — Geographic data is displayed in GIS software.
- Combine data — Layers of data are combined to form maps.
- Query data — Geographic queries search for values in layered data.
Benefits of GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
GIS benefits businesses and governments by giving them the ability to ask complex questions about location-based data.
GIS analysis uses spatiotemporal data to provide visual clues that help people discover deeper insights than they could with a paper map or traditional spreadsheet.
This is important when dealing with big issues like climate change, population dynamics and natural disasters.
Types of Geographic Information Systems
The types of data in Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, include:
Numeric data — Statistical data collected with a geographic component and displayed as a layer on a map. US Census demographics are an example of numeric data.
Vector data — Consisting of X and Y coordinates, vector data can describe points, lines or polygons connected to a geographic space. Vector formats are best for data with strict borders, like a street or political district.
Raster data — Typically digital images in JPEG, TIF or GIF format, raster data is formed from grids of cells or pixels. Satellite imagery is a good example of raster data.
Linear networks — A layered line that can represent multiple elements, such as a road that is also the boundary of a city or political district.
Who uses GIS?
Modern GIS is about participation, sharing, and collaboration. Discover how the technology is strengthening relationships, driving efficiencies, and opening communications channels in your community.